Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay

Wavelet Packet Feature Extraction And Support Vector Machine Psychology Essay Theoretical The point of this work is a programmed grouping of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals by utilizing factual highlights extraction and bolster vector machine. From a genuine database, two arrangements of EEG signals are utilized: EEG recorded from a solid individual and from an epileptic individual during epileptic seizures. Three significant measurable highlights are figured at various sub-groups discrete wavelet and wavelet bundle decay of EEG accounts. In this investigation, to choose the best wavelet for our application, five wavelet premise capacities are considered for preparing EEG signals. In the wake of lessening the element of the got information by straight discriminant examination and head part investigation, include vectors are utilized to demonstrate and to prepare the proficient help vector machine classifier. So as to show the proficiency of this methodology, the factual grouping exhibitions are assessed, and a pace of 100% for the best characterization exactness is acquired and is contrasted and those got in different examinations for similar informational index. Watchwords EEG; Discrete Wavelet Transform, Wavelet Packet Transform, Support Vector Machine, Statistical investigation, arrangement. 1. Presentation In nervous system science, the electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-obtrusive trial of cerebrum work that is for the most part utilized for the finding and grouping of epilepsy. The epilepsy scenes are a consequence of unreasonable electrical releases in a gathering of synapses. Epilepsy is an incessant neurological issue of the cerebrum that effects more than 50 million individuals worldwide and in creating nations, three fourths of individuals with epilepsy may not get the treatment they need [1]. In clinical choices, the EEG is identified with commencement of treatment to improve nature of epileptic patients life. Be that as it may, EEG signals involve a colossal volume and the scoring of long haul EEG chronicles by visual assessment, so as to order epilepsy, is typically a tedious undertaking. In this way, numerous scientists have tended to the issue of programmed location and arrangement of epileptic EEG signals [2, 3]. Various examinations have demonstrated that EEG signal is a non-fixed procedure and non-straight highlights are separated from mind action accounts so as to explicit sign attributes [2, 4, 5, 6]. At that point these highlights are utilized as contribution of classifiers [11]. Subasi in [7] utilized the discrete wavelet change (DWT) coefficient of typical and epileptic EEG sections in a measured neural system called blend of master. For a similar EEG informational collection, Polat and Gã ¼nes [8] utilized the component decrease techniques including DWT, autoregressive and discrete Fourier change. In Subasi and Gursoy [9], the dimensionality of the DWT highlights was decreased utilizing head part investigation (PCA), autonomous segment examination (ICA) and straight discriminant examination (LDA). The resultant highlights were utilized to characterize typical and epilepsy EEG signals utilizing bolster vector machine. Jahankhani, Kodogiannis and Revett [10] have gotten highlight vectors from EEG flags by DWT and played out the order by multilayer perceptron (MLP) and spiral premise work organize. Wavelet bundle change (WPT) shows up as one of most encouraging strategies as appeared by an extraordinary number of works in the writing [11] especially for ECG signals and moderately less, for EEG signals. In [12], Wang, Miao and Xie utilized wavelet parcel entropy strategy to remove highlights and K-closest neighbor (K-NN) classifier. In this work, both DWT and WPT split non fixed EEG signals into recurrence sub-groups. At that point a lot of factual highlights, for example, standard deviation, vitality and entropy from genuine d atabase EEG chronicles were processed from every deterioration level to speak to time-recurrence dissemination of wavelet coefficients. LDA and PCA are applied to these different boundaries permitting an information decrease. These highlights were utilized as a contribution to proficient SVM classifier with two discrete yields: ordinary individual and epileptic subject. A proportion of the exhibitions of these techniques is introduced. The staying of this paper is sorted out as follows: Section 2 depicts the informational collection of EEG signals utilized in our work. In Section 3, fundamentals are introduced for sure fire reference. This is trailed by the progression up of our tests and the outcomes in segment 4. At long last, some finishing up comments are given in Section 5. 2. Information SELECTION We have utilized the EEG information taken from the ancient rarity free EEG time arrangement database accessible at the Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn [23]. The total dataset comprises of five sets (signified A-B-C-D-E). Each set contains100 single-channel EEG signs of 23,6s. The typical EEG information was gotten from five solid volunteers who were in the casual alert state with their eyes open (set A). These signs were acquired from extra-cranially surface EEG accounts as per a normalized anode situation. Set E contains seizure movement, chose from all account locales showing ictal action. All EEG signals were recorded with the equivalent 128 channel speaker framework and digitized at 173.61Hz inspecting. 12 piece simple to-computerized transformation and band-pass (0.53-40 Hz) channel settings were utilized. For an increasingly nitty gritty portrayal, the peruser can allude to [13]. In our examination, we utilized set An and set E from the total dataset. Crude EEG signal Highlight extraction: Energy, Entropy and Standard deviation from DWT and WPT decom-position coefficients Dimensionality decrease by LDA and PCA Order and Execution measure Sound Epileptic Figure 1 The stream outline of the proposed framework 3. strategies The proposed strategy comprises of three primary parts: (I) measurable component extraction from DWT and from WPT decay coefficients, (ii) dimensionality decrease utilizing PCA and LDA, and (iii) EEG order utilizing SVM. The stream diagram of the proposed technique is given in figure 1. Subtleties of the pre-handling and order steps are analyzed in the accompanying subsections. 3.1 Analysis utilizing DWT and WPT Since the EEG is an exceptionally non-fixed sign, it has been as of late suggested the utilization of time-recurrence area strategies [14]. Wavelet change can be utilized to disintegrate a sign into sub-groups with low recurrence (inexact coefficients) and sub-groups with high recurrence (nitty gritty coefficients) [15, 16, 17]. Under discrete wavelet change (DWT), just estimation coefficients are decayed iteratively by two channels and afterward down-examined by 2. The principal channel h[.] is a high-pass channel which is the reflection of the subsequent low pass channel l[.]. DWT gives a left recursive parallel tree structure. We prepared 16 DWT coefficients. Wavelet bundle change (WPT) is an augmentation of DWT that gives an increasingly useful sign investigation. By utilizing WPT, the lower, just as the higher recurrence groups are disintegrated giving a decent tree structure. The wavelet parcel change creates a full decay tree, as appeared in figure 2. In this work, we performe d five-level wavelet bundle decay. The two wavelet parcel symmetrical bases at a parent hub (I, p) are acquired from the accompanying recursive connections Eq. (1) and (2), where l[n] and h[n] are low (scale) and high (wavelet) pass channel, separately; I is the file of a subspaces profundity and p is the quantity of subspaces [15]. The wavelet parcel coefficients relating to the sign x(t) can be acquired from Eq. (3), l (3,0) (3,1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(3,6) (3,7) h l h l h l h h l h l h l SIGNAL (0,0) (1,0) (1,1) (2,0) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) Figure 2 Third level wavelet parcel disintegration of EEG signal Table 1 gives the recurrence groups for each degree of WPT deterioration. Figures 3 and 4 show the fifth level wavelet parcel disintegration of EEG portions, as indicated by figure 2. We handled 32 WPT coefficients. Accordingly, in this examination, three factual boundaries: vitality highlight (En), the proportion of Shannon entropy (Ent) and standard deviation (Std) are figured, (4) (5) (6) 3.2 Principal segment examination To make a classifier framework increasingly successful, we use head segment investigation (PCA) for dimensionality decrease. The reason for its execution is to determine few uncorrelated head parts from a bigger arrangement of zero-mean factors, holding the greatest conceivable measure of data from the first information. Officially, the most widely recognized determination of PCA is as far as normalized direct projection, which amplifies the fluctuation in the anticipated space [18, 19]. For a given p-dimensional informational collection X, the m chief tomahawks W1,†¦,Wm where 1≠¤ m≠¤ p, are symmetrical tomahawks onto which the held difference is greatest in the anticipated space. For the most part, W1,†¦,Wm can be given by the m driving eigenvectors of the example Table1 Frequency band of every wavelet deterioration level. Deterioration level Recurrence band (Hz) 1 2 3 4 5 0-86.8; 86.8-173.6 0-43.5; 43.5-86.8; 86.3 ;130.2-173.6 0-21.75; 21.75-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-86.3; 86.3-108.05; 108.05-130.2; 130.2-151.95; 151.95-173.6; 0-10.875; 10.875-21.75; 21.75-32.625; 32.625-43.5; 43.5-54.375; 54.375-65.25; 65.25-76.125; 76.125-87; 87-97.875; 97.875-108.75; 108.75-119.625; 119.625-130.5; 130.5-141.375; 141.375-152.25; 152.25-163.125; 163.125-173.6 0-5.44; 5.44-10.875; 10.875-16.31; 16.31-21.75: 21.75-27.19; 27.19-32.625; 32.625-38.06; 38.06-43.5; 43.5-48.94; 48.94-54.375; 54.375-59.81; 59.81-65.25; 65.25-70.69; 70.69-76.125; 76.125-81.56;81.56-87; 87-92.44; 92.44-97.87; 97.87-103.3; 103.3-108.75; 108.75-114.19; 114.19-119.625; 119.625-125.06; 125.06-130.5; 130.5-135.94; 135.94-141.38; 141.38-146.81; 146.81-152.25; 152.25-157.69; 157.69-163.125; 163.125-168.56; 168.56-173.6 covariance framework where is the example mean and N is the quantity of sam

Market Research Company Resmarket Pty-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Impact of Technology on Marketing Reseach in Today's Business Environment. Answer: Presentation The effect of innovation on advertising research is a significant subject to study and research however it is seen that this point isn't looked into a lot. Innovation has brought a positive change the manner in which organizations work. Innovation has helped the organizations everywhere throughout the world to be progressively effective and enthusiastic (Washington, 2013). If there should be an occurrence of showcasing research, innovation whenever utilized appropriately can help in dissolving the intrinsic holes in measurable investigations (Moller and Parvinen, 2015). This makes the entire procedure of showcasing research increasingly powerful and improved. One of the key point by which the promoting exploration can turn out to be progressively successful is to comprehend the basic holes that are built up during factual examinations and the suspicions that are utilized to connect those holes (Boyd, Krehbiel and Stearns, 1998). In this report, the circumstance of a Sydney based statistical surveying organization ResMarket Pty is thought of. The organization is attempting to actualize new innovations which will improve their statistical surveying exercises and further advantage their customers. Along these lines ResMarket Pty will likewise get a serious edge in the market. The different components including job of web, improved information investigation techniques, job of huge information advances alongside the cost effect of these innovations is depicted. Statistical surveying Statistical surveying is characterized as the procedure to gather, investigate and decipher the data about an item or administration that is being offered available to be purchased in the market. It additionally comprises the data about past execution of item or administration by breaking down the experience of present and past clients (Entrepreneur, 2017). This causes the organizations to design future systems or grow new objective clients. The exploration is led based on land area, attributes, ways of managing money, needs and inclinations of existing, past and potential clients. The entire market including contenders are thought of while breaking down. Effect of Technology Innovation has had an extraordinary effect on statistical surveying. It is very obvious additionally as different online reviews, web based life, different diagnostic programming and improved information mining strategies have appeared. Here, a portion of the advantages that innovation gives in doing showcasing research as per ebb and flow business condition are talked about. Successful Utilization of Internet The statistical surveying organization will get new ranges of abilities that werent accessible previously. It would be made conceivable by various online life locales or overview destinations. Web helps in appropriate division and improved brand familiarity with an item or administration. This further is gainful for statistical surveying organizations to do the examination (Latta, 2011). Improved Data Collection and Faster Data Analysis The new and normally refreshed information gathering programming give various advantages over customary strategies, for example, entryway to-entryway or paper overviews. With improved innovation, the advertising exploration can be substantially more focused on situated. The examination of an item or administration should be possible in extremely less time and new measures to get brisk criticism can be executed. The progressed investigative instruments obviously characterize KPIs which after examination decide the following methodologies an association ought to infer (Washington, 2013). New Research Roles Can be Created With the progression in advancements, clients have moved to another universe of performing multiple tasks. At once, they accomplish work, web based shopping and update their status via web-based networking media. This has made space to grow new research jobs that guarantees the information gathered from cell phones and online life is deciphered adequately and investigated proficiently (Jones, 2013). Use of Big Data in Research The measure of information originating from on the web and disconnected sources is consistently expanding step by step. Organizations are thinking that its hard to examine the gathered information and get an exact outcome. Here, huge information procedure has risen as a major assistance. The think-tanks can be certain about breaking down enormous pool of information and defining systems with exactness. Cost Impact of Implementing Technologies One of the fundamental motivation behind why statistical surveying organizations are not embracing new innovations is the cost factor. It may appear to be exorbitant to embrace new advances first and foremost yet the advantages the think-tanks get helps in bringing down and beating the effect of advances. In contrast with customary techniques, the outcomes can be acquired a lot quicker. Overviews, information assortment and examination used to take a ton of time in conventional research techniques. At the point when an organization receives new innovations, this time essentially diminishes. Considerably more work should be possible with new innovations. On the off chance that the measure of work is contrasted and innovation and without innovation, a noteworthy distinction can be watched. This demonstrates adjusting new innovations will profit the think-tanks monetarily moreover. Also, less representatives will be required to finish the examination and the representatives won't experi ence the ill effects of any remaining task at hand pressure (Leonard-Barton and Kraus, n.d.). End The report is had to see the effects ResMarket Pty, a Sydney based statistical surveying organization will look subsequent to actualizing new innovations. As indicated by the present business conditions, the organization will get numerous advantages, for example, web and online life will assist it with collecting information at an a lot quicker pace. The organization will gain admittance to new instruments that will viably gather information and precisely break down it. In addition, the organization will grow new jobs as indicated by the changing conduct of individuals and advancements, for example, Big Data will assist the organization with bringing progressively proficient outcomes from enormous measure of information in less time. There are a few concerns with respect to the cost of actualizing new advancements. They may appear to be exorbitant during adaption yet the advantages they give are significantly more than contrasted with customary research techniques. This decreases the cost factor. From the examination, it tends to be inferenced that statistical surveying organizations ought to adjust new advancements to get successful and proficient outcomes in less time. References Boyd, T., Krehbiel, T. what's more, Stearns, J. (1998). The Impact of Technology on Marketing Research.Journal of Marketing Management, 8(1), pp.24-33. Business person. (2017).Market Research. [online] Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/reference book/statistical surveying [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Jones, C. (2013).Impact of Technology on Marketing Research. [online] Zenportfolios.ca. Accessible at: https://zenportfolios.ca/capu-bmkt-360-01-summer-2013/2013/06/01/section 3-sway of-innovation on-advertising research/[Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Latta, M. (2011).Emerging Technology: Impacts on Marketing Research | Insights Association. [online] Insightsassociation.org. Accessible at: https://www.insightsassociation.org/article/rising innovation impacts-showcasing research [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Leonard-Barton, D. what's more, Kraus, W. (n.d.).Implementing New Technology. [online] Harvard Business Review. Accessible at: https://hbr.org/1985/11/executing new-innovation [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Moller, K. what's more, Parvinen, P. (2015). An effect situated execution approach in business showcasing research.Industrial Marketing Management, 45, pp.3-11. Washington, R. (2013).5 Ways Technology Has Changed Market Research. [online] Marketresearch.com. Accessible at: https://blog.marketresearch.com/blog-landing page/offer/339928/5-ways-innovation has-changed-statistical surveying [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017].

Library Information Studies (course)-Describing and Analysing Assignment

Library Information Studies (course)- Describing and Analyzing Information Resources(Unit)- Dublin Core Metadata - Assignment Example Dublin center metadata is helpful in numerous in different organizations, for example, libraries, government establishments, logical research communities, website page, creators, business requiring increasingly accessible destinations and enterprises with tremendous information the board frameworks. Meta information serves indistinguishable capacities in asset revelation from classifying done by asset to be found by important rules. Recognizing assets and assets together and furthermore helps in recognizing divergent assets and giving nearby data about a book, website page or a collection. Coming up next are a portion of the center significance of Metadata. This is as per the book (Understanding Metadata pages1-2) that has deliberately been examined.ORGANISING ELECTRONIC RESOURCE; various online assets develop exponentially, total destinations or gateways are progressively helpful in sorting out connects to assets dependent on crowd or theme. This is a significant viewpoint for mp3 albums’, for example, the one we are taking a gander at in this paper is there anyone out there likewise WebPages and eâ ­-libraries where one can peruse a book like The Thief. (Andrew, 2012) characterized metadata plans, shared convention, and crow strolls between plans, asset over the system can be looked through more consistently. Components, for example, identifier are significant in a metadata blueprint for interoperability and that is the reason it is available in books. Computerized IDENTIFICATION; most Meta information plans incorporate components, for example, guidelines numbers to interestingly recognize the work or item to which the metadata alludes. The area of an advanced item may likewise be given utilizing a document name, URL (Uniform Resource Locator), or some increasingly diligent identifier, for example, PURL (Persistent URL) or DOI computerized object identifier. Determined URL identifiers are favored in light of the fact that object area regularly change, making the standard URLS (in this way the metadata record). Here components, for example, the copyright, help in computerized

Bad Behavior Leads To Bad Things Disappointments And Suffering - 1650 Words

Bad Behavior Leads To Bad Things: Disappointments And Suffering (Essay Sample) Content: There are some behaviors that are necessary for me to change include a good lifestyle and better health. I need to learn how to balance life and not being too hard on myself wham doing something. For instance, I struggle day in day out in order for me to pass my exam but at the end what I get is just a fail. This discourages me a lot. I also need to manage my time well since it is a very important aspect of life. If I manage to change these habits, I will have a healthier lifestyle. This will relieve the stress in me. Some of the good behaviors that I displayed in my real life included responsibility, independence and hard work. Responsibility made me take care of my younger brothers at home. It has also made me able to help my parents in cooking. Some of the bad behaviors that is showed included bad tempers, resistance and poor listening. Good behaviors eases life since the good behaviors have changed and become habits. The habits have been able to remain in me for a long time. Bad behaviors led to bad things for example disappointments and increase in suffering. Some of the right decisions that I can make in my life now that I hope will continue to lead me to positive outcomes are the choices that have an effect on my emotional well-being, family and health. Maintaining a good health and a positive emotional well-being is very important in the life of every individual. Good health is achieved through such things as having regular exercises and frequents check-ups. Avoiding stress also helps in promoting good health in an individual. Another important element to consider is my emotional well-being. This can be maintained by avoiding stress for example getting organized at work relieves an individual some level of stress which is good for good health. One part of the development that might remain unchanged as I move into and through adulthood is the shape of the bones in my body. This is maintained since you are done developing. Nature plays an important role in the early stages of a person’s development for example it is responsible for producing healthy and well-developed children. Early human development is faster and more focused because of the nurture as it develops up on the talents which are provided by the nature. Only nature is responsible for the development of the fetus into a healthy baby but it cannot be possible to develop it into an intelligent adult. This is only achieved through the exposure that nurture gives an individual. Despite the fact that nature has some level of influences, nurture strongly influences an early human development. There are several reasons that make people decide not to raise children throughout their lifetime. Parenthood was not meant for all the people. Raising children requires a lot of parental care and this requires a lot of resources for example money, food, shelter and also education. All these requires money in order to be successful. Parents need finances for such e mergencies as medication for their kids. Making the right decisions is very good in the society where we live in. Making the right choices helps people manage pressure in the society. People should not have children in a very irresponsible manner because when this occurs children will suffer a lot at the end. I will just inform her that there is nothing wrong with him feeling unhappy since it clearly indicates that he cares and wants to protect their marriage. I will advise them to settle down and have time on the issue. I will encourage her to keenly observe her behaviors with the male co-worker in order to see what exactly causes him to feel the way he feels. She also needs to express how she feels because of his acts. What I need most in my life is financial security and stability. This reason will always make me to look for better jobs in an organization. Working in the same job will lead to work monotony and can make me feel stagnated. An individual should always be happy and satisfied in the workplace. I need to have my goals and ambitions in order for me to keep struggling at work. Achieving my financial goals and objectives will help build my career. In order for me to create a healthy and successful marriage, I need to show a lot of patience, tolerance, love, care and forgiveness. Patience will enable me to wait for things to happen at the right time without any hurry. Forgiveness will make me forget all that is not good for marriage. I will always learn to I love you to my wife without expecting it back. I can also decide to gift the person I love without expecting anything in return. When I was entering to young adulthood, I had my daughter and this is not the right age for a person to have children because you are learning and at the same time you have not planned yourself well. Some people at this time depend on their parents for almost everything for example food and other essentials. I don’t regret having her but I wish that she had not undergone through some kind of suffering that I saw her go through. A good age to give birth to a child is when you are turning 28 and at this time you have something to give to your kid. Individuals should be able to make their decisions right in order to avoid such stress. Over the recent past, I have been suffering from anxiety and this has stressed me a lot. Some of the factors that may be causing such situation include such things as failure to complete the tasks in time, financial problems and also health problems. In order to avoid such stress I to take deep breaths, change my attitude on the issue to a positive way and also doing some exercises. Adaptive stress responses involve the measures taken to solve the problems and the emotional discomfort that is appropriate to defense of self-mechanism. Maladaptive responses include such things as anxiety, fear and also failures and these can make me perform poorly since my focus is only on issues. Many individuals who have a hard time in midlife gets to the crisis mode because of several external factors. Stress in an individual makes it hard for him or her to move on to the next level or stage. Other factors that may make the transition difficult includes such things as the loss of a loved one. Physical changes which are associated with aging explains such experiences as Ego Development Outcomes vs Self-absorption. The physical changes which are associated with the aging explains some of the related experiences. Divorce rate has fallen for most of the people who are above 20 20 and below 30 years. Survey also shows that divorce rate has increas ed for people who are between 50 and 60 years of age. The focus has been extended among young adjusting the society. The midlife’s face a lot of stress because of stress which ...

Hamlet Decisive End, Indecisive Approach Essay - 742 Words

Decisive End, Indecisive Approach In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the titular character struggles to engage in his desired plan of revenge. Hamlet shows throughout the play that he is inconsistent, indecisive, and unsure of himself, as well as his actions. The play focuses on Hamlet’s revenge; however, he continuously fails to happen at opportunistic moments. Throughout the play, Hamlet insists that he intends to avenge his father’s death through the murder of Claudius, but Hamlet fails to act on occasion because of his indecisive personality. Shakespeare’s character, Hamlet, is known for his indecisive personality. It is a trait that humanizes Hamlet in the sense that every man is flawed. However, this feature is Hamlet’s main†¦show more content†¦Now Hamlet uses a rational â€Å"now he is praying; And now Ill dot./ And so he goes to heaven;/ And so am I revenged. That would be scannd:/ A villain kills my father; and for that,/ I, his so le son, do this same villain send/ To heaven†(p.79). Hamlet uses this â€Å"logic† to further justify his inconsistency between his actions and his motive. Finally, during the last scene, Hamlet encounters yet another chance to avenge his father’s, and now also his mother’s murders after his fencing match against Laertes. Claudius tries to kill Hamlet by poisoning him, and poisons Gertrude instead; this is the final breaking point of Hamlet. After the death of his mother Hamlet, can no longer hold back and strikes his foil through Claudius’s heart. Then, he forces the poisoned wine down his throat. This occurrence yet again shows Hamlet’s indecisive character. He plans out the vengeance of his father’s death so many times perfectly, but kills Claudius without a plan and everyone witnesses the murder. Throughout the play, he clearly analyzes every plan to kill Claudius. During this analysis, not once is he concerned with what will happe n to him for murdering Claudius. He considers what would happen to Claudius for killing him during prayer. He considers what will happen to Claudius for killing his father, but not once does he worry that he could get punished because his vengeance will make him a murderer too. The only instance Hamlet worries about the afterlife is during

The Foundation Of Our United Nation - 948 Words

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Biased Judgement Essay Research Paper Our society free essay sample

Biased Judgement Essay, Research Paper Our society construe a individual # 8217 ; s outer visual aspect as a contemplation of their inner- ego. This is likely due to Heuristics. In the instance of representativeness heuristic, a opinion sing the individual would be determined by the by the outward clues that the individual reflected of themselves. One outward hint is the visual aspect of a individual. If a individual is orderly in visual aspect and dressed in something like gothic-garb ( black apparels and make-up ) . A individual dressed in such a manner could be judged as dark and extreme. This would be a just premise given that the individual dressed in such a mode is in control of their visual aspect and desires to exudate such an image. Arguments can be made to back up and challenge feeling formed by heuristic opinion. The phrase, # 8220 ; You can # 8217 ; t judge a book by its screen # 8221 ; comes to mind. Surely it would be an ideal universe if everyone was judged by their single traits alternatively of what they look like. Surveies by Berkowitz, Snyder, and Uranowitz ( 1978 ) found that societal behaviour seems to be influenced non merely by nonsubjective environmental stimulations, but besides by the topics inclination to construe these stimulations selectively attend to them, and selectively remember them. But it # 8217 ; s human nature to develop a first feeling when coming in contact with any new stimulations, be it individual, topographic point, or thing. Therefore it is rational for a individual to organize sentiments of an person based on their outward visual aspect. Question 2. Watch the intelligence studies ( or believe of old 1s ) of utmost Acts of the Apostless of behaviour. Can you happen grounds that intelligence analysts overemphasize drastic causes in describing the intelligence? Does describing Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act, for case, lead us to deformed perceptual experience of the positions of the mean occupant of the terrorist # 8217 ; s place states? I believe that intelligence studies do overemphasise the intelligence narratives that they are describing to some extent. I believe that the sensationalism is prompted by the capital that is available to shows with high evaluations. While it is of import to hold information available to the populace, it is overriding to describe the information to the populace in a responsible mode. To describe a narrative responsibly does non intend redacting the contents of a narrative, but non advancing craze to the viewing audiences or hearers. This could be more of a equilibrating act between seeking to give ample information and facts, yet non delinquent it. Narratives that come to mind to function as illustrations for this topic are: high school shots, Y2K, middle-easterners caught at boundary line crossings with explosives, and nervus gas terrorists onslaughts. In my sentiment all of these narratives were of import to describe. The high school hiting coverage touched the Black Marias of many and brought the world of such a calamity right into the places of America. This narrative really good may of helped saved lives. Schools, have developed security systems to command merely who goes in and out of the school along with video proctors. Some schools – largely high schools, felt it necessary to set in mental sensors to see the safest environment for their pupil organic structure. I think that the deepness of describing in-depth studies on the pupils who committed the shots helped parents, instructors, and counsellors identify a pupil with a possible job who may be at hazard for this type of behaviour. The consciousness that this narrative brought to others may of helped some identify hazards, but it besides caused some craze among some. The Cannon-Bard theory ( Cannon, Lewis A ; Britton,1927 ) suggests that a individual would respond to such intelligence narratives with a commonsense prospective. Harmonizing to this theory we would see both physiological marks of emotion and subjective experiences. In the illustration of the intelligence studies on the high school shots, cryings and frights would be both the physiological emotion and subjective experiences. In contrast the James-Lange theory ( James 1890 ) suggests that our subjective emotional experiences are the consequence of our automatic physiological reactions to assorted events. This would intend that the emotions we felt were prompted by our physical province. In this illustration the cryings would do the feelings of fright and unhappiness. I do believe that describing Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act does model our positions of the place states that the terrorists come from. I don # 8217 ; t think that can be avoided # 8211 ; or should be avoided. To describe the facts of the terrorist Acts of the Apostless reasonably is all a responsible new show can offer. We, as worlds have free will and the ability to pull decisions from information that we gather throughout our lives. Our mental logical thinking is composed of scheme. Schemas aid procedure information and interpret state of affairss and stimulations harmonizing to information we # 8217 ; ve processed from past experiences. Prototypes are mental theoretical accounts for the typical qualities or groupings of classs that are composed from an persons experiences of acquired cognition. We are prone to holding our sentiments shaped by the intelligence studies that we see about terrorists. This could motivate a negative sentiment about the fatherland of the terrorists. That can # 8217 ; t be avoided. The human mind is compose of scheme and depends on paradigms to pull logical decisions. Since worlds can apologize, we are capable of weighing the information on a instance by instance footing and non merely do cover sentiments of state of affairss, in this instance the states that terrorists come from. Making cover opinions could be considered stereotyping and can be considered bias. Bibliography Baron A ; Byrne, Social Psychology p. 82 327

Themes in A Farewell to Arms

Table of Contents Tragedy War’s devastating effects Masculinity Lack of heroism Escapism Love Works Cited A Farewell to Arms is a novel that is set during World War 1. It is the story of two lovers, Henry and Catherine and the impact of the war on their life and love. The novel has several strong themes that are continuous throughout the books.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Themes in A Farewell to Arms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tragedy The novel ends with Catherine’s death and Henry walking alone back home in the rain. He has lost his baby and the love of his life. When authoring the book, Hemmingway said â€Å"The fact that the book was a tragedy did not make me unhappy since I believed that life was a tragedy and it could only have one end† (Hemmingway, 1948, vii-viii) The author referred to the novel as his Romeo and Juliet. Unlike other forms of tragic narratives whe re the character suffers as a result of his wrong decision, Henry suffers for committing himself to love. He makes the decision that the readers desire him to make. He decides to be with his love, and at the end, it turns out to be a sad affair when Catherine dies. As one reads the book, they sense an inevitable doom for the two lovers. The story will not end with them escaping to Switzerland to live a peaceful life. When the tragedy occurs, the readers come to concur with the author’s thoughts on life. It is indeed a tragedy (Merril, 1974). The tragedy is inevitable similar to the way Macbeth could not be forgiven his sins and restored to virtue or Lear be allowed to live his days with the faithful Cordelia. The author from the beginning of the story creates tragic expectations which must be fulfilled for the piece of literature to succeed. The author creates a sense of foreboding in several ways. When Henry thinks Catherine’s courage, he concludes that â€Å"If peop le bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them so of course, it kills them†¦it kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially† (Hemmingway, 1948, pg258-259) When the lovers are in Switzerland and the seasons change from summer to autumn, Catherine also has a bad premonition. She tells Henry â€Å"I’m afraid of the rain because sometimes I see me dead in it.†(Hemmingway, 1948, pg131). The rain in the novel is symbolic of the tragedy that will occur.Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pattern of the book’s narrative structure is also a premonition of danger in the future. In the first book, Henry is deep in the war experiencing its horrors. In book two life gets better as he is off the battleground and taken to Milan. He meets Catherine and falls in love. However, in book three, it again changes, and he is back to the war. In book five and six, the couple escapes into Switzerland; however, the reader knows that it will not end well. He waits for the cyclic pattern of peace and turmoil to be fulfilled. War’s devastating effects From the beginning, as the author narrates the story in the setting of World War 1, the reader is shown the horrors and trauma of war. In the second chapter, the landscape is described as â€Å"the forest of oak trees on the mountain beyond the town was gone. The forest had been green in the summer when we had come into the town, but now there were stumps and the broken trunks and the ground torn up.†(Hemmingway, 1948, p6). The war changes the landscape from fruitfulness to barrenness. The first dialogue shows the baiting of a priest by Italian officers. Henry is blown up while consuming a piece of cheese. As he is being transported to the hospital, a dead soldier bleeds all over him. The bleeding soldier had been put ab ove him in the ambulance. The man bleeds on Henry till he dies. Henry remembers that the stream of blood just kept on flowing. â€Å"In the dark, I could not see where it came from the canvas overhead†¦ After a while, the stream from the stretcher above lessened and started to drip again and I heard and felt the canvas move as the man on the stretcher settled more comfortably. â€Å"How is he?† the Englishman called back. â€Å"We’re almost up.† â€Å"He’s dead I think,† I said (Hemingway, 1948, pg61). Two of his favorite subordinates, Passini and Aymo die, and he feels that they died unreasonably. By the end of the war, his best friend, Rinaldi ends up having a depression. When Henry asks Catherine what happened to his fiancà ©e the way she responds to the questions shows the devastating effects of the war. â€Å"He didn’t have a saber cut. They blew him all to bits† (Hemingway, p20). The author’s choice of words shows how he personally felt about the World Wars. The wounds that the characters get in the war show the way they affect the individual’s life even when they are away from the battlefield. While Henry is in Milan, he runs into an American-Italian on his convalescenceAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Themes in A Farewell to Arms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More leave. Ettore Moretti had been injured three times in his body. He had a wound on the shoulder, on the leg, and the foot. Moretti describes his injury in lurid detail. â€Å"There’s dead bone in my foot that stinks right now. Every morning I take new pieces out, and it stinks all the time† (Hemingway, 1948, pg122). There are feelings of helplessness, defeat, and despair. Henry himself also suffers from an injury and has to take some time off recuperating in Milan. The doctor describes his wounds in detail. â€Å"Multiple superficia l wounds of the left and right thigh and the left and right knee and right foot. Deep wounds of right knee and foot. Lacerations of the scalp†¦with possible fracture of the skull. Incurred in the line of duty† (Hemingway, 1948, pg59). Masculinity This is one of the main themes in the novel. Women are portrayed or treated as sexual objects. The reader encounters the first hero, Rinaldi in a brothel. Catherine Barkley is a nurse in the world of the Italians where all the women are viewed as whores. Rinaldi speaks to her and even fantasizes about marriage with her, but eventually, his attitude goes back to the standard attitude of male dominance and chivalry. â€Å"What a lovely girl†¦Does she understand that? She will make you a fine boy. A fine blonde like she is†¦ What a lovely girl.†(Hemmingway, 1948, pg99). If one encounters a doctor, he would ask if he is excellent in surgery and can make a fine leg. However, in the novel, Rinaldi thinks whether the nu rse is sexually adequate if she will be able to make a fine boy! When Henry comes back from Milan, Rinaldi asks him whether Catherine was of practical help to him. The question carries with it a strong sexual connotation. The soldiers visit whores and regard the women as nothing more as the nature of work that they do. When the whores are being loaded into a truck for a retreat, the men start talking about how much they are being overcharged for the women’s services. They speak of the low value they get from them. â€Å"Over in half an hour or fifteen minutes. Sometimes less. Sometimes a good deal less.† (Hemmingway, 1948, pg170-171).Advertising Looking for research paper on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The soldiers in another scene start baiting the priest with sexual jokes, totally disrespecting the nature of the life he has chosen and making him profoundly uncomfortable. There is hostility between Henry and the women in authority. He also shows chivalry and a domineering masculine nature when he interacts with the head of the hospital in Milan, Miss Van Campen. The nurse sees Henry as domineering and rude while Henry sees that she is jealous of the sexual relationship he has with Catherine. He considers Miss Campen as the old maid who persecutes those who have sex as she has never experienced sex herself. In the final struggle with her, he tells her she cannot judge him since she is not a man. Secondly, he does not view her as a full woman either because she has not had any sexual experiences (Fetterley, 1976). Henry does not like being dominated by any woman who is evident when he speaks of his experiences with whores. â€Å"Does she(the whore) say that she loves him?†¦ Y es if he wants her to. Does he say he loves her? He does if he wants to† (Hemmingway, 1948, pg105). Catherine in speaking of her dead fiancà ©e tells Henry how he wanted them to have sex. However, Catherine was reluctantly bound by the traditional mindsets of the society at that time. This shows the difference in how men and women perceived sex at that time. It is a casual affair for the men while it carries significant weight for the women. Lack of heroism The author does not show the traditional kind of hero that is often portrayed in war literature books. When comparing Henry to these heroes, he immediately falls short or pales in comparison. In the period that Henry is first called to serve at the Italian Front, Henry does not show any heroic thoughts on the war or retribution. He spends idyllic days with his friends in brothels and cafes. â€Å"I watched the snow falling, looking out of the window of the bawdy house, the house for officers, where I sat with a friend and two glasses drinking a bottle of Asti† (Hemingway,1948, pg6). There are feelings of detachment from Henry concerning the war (Silvester, 2002). He is not involved emotionally in the process. He goes ahead and naively thinks â€Å"well, I knew I would not be killed. Not in this war. It did not have anything to do with me. It seemed no more dangerous than a war in the movies†(Hemingway, 1948, pg37). Henry at the beginning of the novel is a naà ¯ve man on the war and its close devastating effects (Dodman, 2006). When Catherine asks why as an American he is fighting in the Italian army, Henry gives a lot of evasive answers. It is an odd thing which Catherine mentions to him, but Henry just comments that in life there are at times when there is no explanation for everything. This shows the lack of traditional heroism attributes in Henry again. A heroic individual would have taken the opportunity to elaborate on the importance of fighting in the war and the reasons for his actions. He describes how his injury occurred while he was eating cheese. There are no glorified stories as he narrates the incident. He does not show heroism or patriotism. They are almost irrelevant to him (Hatten, 1993) He also feels a lot of helplessness at his role as an ambulance driver in the war. He does not see how he plays a critical role in the whole process. Henry observes that â€Å"Everything seemed in good condition. It evidently made no difference whether I was there or not. I had imagined that the condition of the cars, whether, or not things were obtainable, the smooth functioning of the business of removing wounded and sick from the dressing stations †¦ depended to a considerable extent on myself. Evidently it did not matter whether I was there or not (Hemingway, 1948, pg16). Initially, he had thought he was important, and the smooth running of operations depended on him. Henry faces the reality of the war and its horrors in the battleground that totally sha tters the way he used to see things. Certain concepts lose meaning. The value of a man’s life seems not to carry much weight as he sees the dead soldiers. His thoughts are now devoid of any heroism or similar concepts. He concludes that the â€Å"Abstract words such as glory, honor courage, or hallow were obscene†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hemingway, 1948, pg185). He is under such trauma that he says â€Å"I had seen nothing sacred, and the things that were glorious had no glory, and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it† (Hemingway, 1948, pg185). The honor and glory of the dead soldier are not expressed by Catherine either when she speaks of her dead fiancà ©e. She tells Henry that her fiancà ©e was killed and that was the end. Her actual words are that he was blown to bits. There is no portrayal of the woman who despite her loss speaks of her brave and patriotic man who participated in the war and lost his life. In the end, Henry gives in to his desire to be with Catherine and deserts the army. He feels a lot of shame though for what he has done and tells Catherine that they live like criminals. â€Å"l wish we did not always have to live like criminals,† I said. â€Å"Darling, don’t be that way. You haven’t lived like a criminal very long†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"l feel like a criminal. I’ve deserted from the army.† â€Å"Darling, please be sensible. It ‘s not deserting from the army. It’s only the Italian army.† (Hemmingway, 1948, pg251) Escapism There is the element of individuals seeking escape in A Farewell to Arms. Catherine meets Henry when she is mourning for her dead fiancà ©. She does not really deal with her pain but immediately starts flirting and engaging in a romance with Henry. She uses love to escape from the pain. Similarly, Henry has seen the horrors of war which have had a significant impact on him. He also escapes int o a love relationship with Catherine. In the end, he even escapes from his duties and goes with Catherine to Switzerland where they can live an idyllic life. He, however, does feel guilty for the decisions that he has made. They, therefore, find a form of temporary solace from the pain they have experienced. What started as a pleasant distraction for both of them soon becomes what sustains them and prevents them from going crazy in their minds. The novel portrays that love has some curative properties for the ones who choose to use it in order to escape from pain. However, the individual who still uses love to escape pain can never really be wholly healed; he will always to some extent be in pain. Love, therefore, is shown as a metaphor for illness and cure (Lahrmann, 2006) Love In the book, love is a recurrent theme that plays a significant role both in Henry’s and Catherine’s lives. The way the couple relates shows the depth of their feelings for each other. Looking at what Catherine tells Henry concerning her feelings, they are now past the age of flirting to deep feelings for each other. Initially, they had been playing and flirting with each other which Catherine knows very well. â€Å"I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her. This was a game like bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards†¦ â€Å"This is a rotten game we play, isn’t it?† â€Å"What game?† â€Å"Don’t be dull.† â€Å"I’m not, on purpose.† â€Å"You’re a nice boy,† she said. â€Å"And you play it as well as you know how. But it’s a rotten game.† â€Å"Do you always know what people think?† â€Å"Not always. But I do with you. You don’t have to pretend you love me. That’s over for the evening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But I do love you.† â€Å"Please let’s not lie when we don’t have to. I had a very fine little show, an d I’m all right now. â€Å"(Hemmingway,1948, pg 30- l). Catherine’s fiancà © had been killed in the war, and after nearly a year in mourning, she was still in pain. Henry was initially a diversion, a stand-in for the time being to play with. When Catherine slaps Henry in another scene, he gets angry but is certain of conquering her. He plans to achieve mastery of the game, seeing their interaction together as moves in a chess game. Later, they fall in love and their conversation changes. Catherine, deep in love tells Henry â€Å"I’ll say just what you wish and I’ll do what you wish, and then you will never want any other girls will you? There isn’t any me any more. Just what you want.† (Hemmingway, 1948, pg115) Catherine is very submissive even as she expresses her love to her man (Lockridge, 1988) â€Å"There isn’t any me. I ‘m you. You’re my religion. You’re all I’ve got † (Hemmingway, 1948, pg 1 16). Henry, in the beginning, had portrayed himself as an individual who does not love at all. He had told the priest that he does not love. In the course of the novel; however, he falls deeply in love with Catherine, abandons the army and escapes with her into Switzerland. Works Cited Dodman, Trevor. â€Å"Going All to Pieces†: â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† as Trauma Narrative† Twentieth Century Literature,52.3 (2006):249-274. Print. Fetterley, Judith. â€Å"A Farewell to Arms: Hemingway’s â€Å"Resentful Cryptogram† The Journal of Popular Culture, X:1 (1976): 203–214. Print. Hatten, Charles. â€Å"The Crisis of Masculinity, Reified Desire, and Catherine Barkley in â€Å"A Farewell to Arms† Journal of the History of Sexuality, 4.1(1993): 76-98. Print. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York. 1948. Print. Lahrmann, Jessica. â€Å"Metaphorical Illness in Hemingway’s Works.† College Undergraduate Research Electronic J ournal (2006): 1-30. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=httpsredir=1article=1016context=curejseiredir=1#search=%22escape%20from%20pain%20farewell%20arms%20journal%22 Lockridge, Ernest. â€Å"Faithful in Her Fashion: Catherine Barkley, the Invisible Hemingway Heroine†. The Journal of Narrative Technique, 18.2(1988): 170-178. Print. Merril, Robert. â€Å"Tragic Form in a Farewell to Arms.† American Literature, 45. 4(1974): 571-579. Print. Silvester, Katie. â€Å"The Wound in War Literature: An Image of Heroism† Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research at the College of Charleston, 1(2002):214-231. Print. This research paper on Themes in A Farewell to Arms was written and submitted by user Jocelynn Schultz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Oedipus According To Aristotle Essays - Oedipus The King, Oedipus

Oedipus According To Aristotle Essays - Oedipus The King, Oedipus Oedipus According to Aristotle Oedipus the King had one of the worst destinies in all of literature. As a young man he learned of his fate to kill his father and marry his mother. Fleeing his family and seeking refuge from his terrible future in a distant state only brought about the actualization of the forecast. Unbeknownst to Oedipus, he had killed his own father and entered the bed of his mother. He lived in this relationship for many years until at last he painfully revealed the blinding truth over the course of one shocking day. Scholars of Greek literature have debated whether Oedipus was a good man who happened to suffer a most unfortunate fate, or if he was in fact a truly bad person, whose fate was only just. In comparison with the writings of Aristotle on The Good, a relative conclusion emerges showing that according to Aristotelian views of good and bad, Oedipus was indeed a good man, and the bad that befell him was a cruel gift from the gods. In his first dealings with the city of Thebes, Oedipus found them under the curse of the Sphinx. He actually gained his position of King of Thebes by rendering unto the city a great service, namely the salvation of the city from the Sphinx?s plague. Aristotle praised the type of cleverness and practical wisdom Oedipus exhibited in his solution to the riddle as being a component of overall goodness. If it were not for Oedipus virtuous action in saving Thebes, the citizens would have suffered untold disasters at the merciless hands of the Sphinx. After proving his worth as a good man and his concern for the citizens of what was seemingly a foreign city, Oedipus was well liked by the people of Thebes. The people of Thebes liked their ruler, and he in turn ruled over them in a good and just way, trying to help them in their times of need. Aristotle believed that good in man existed in doing his job well. A good carpenter was one who worked with his wood and built things as best as possible; a good ruler presided over his people justly. Oedipus was a good ruler of Thebes. According to the Aristotelian definition, this is a significant step towards being a good man. Oedipus first demonstrated his ability to be a good leader in his helping the city escape the Sphinx. He continued his leadership in the same manner, doing good for the city and winning esteem in the eyes of the citizens. The premise for the book is that he was trying to rid the city of a second plague. He showed no hesitation to give it his best effort, saying "Indeed I?m willing to give all that you may need; I would be very hard should I not pity suppliants like these." Displaying this willingness to he! lp his citizens and earning such lofty acclaim as being called "great" or "greatest," Oedipus could not have been a poor ruler or a tyrant. If Oedipus had ruled his subjects poorly, then they would not have addressed him as "great," so he should be viewed as a good leader, one who cared for his charges, one who ruled justly. In this light, Aristotle would have judged Oedipus to be a good man, or more precisely, a good ruler because Oedipus? labor was "for the benefit of others," one of Aristotle?s characteristics of a good ruler. Similarly, in Oedipus? quest for the truth, he established his goodness under another category of Aristotelian virtue. When warned by Tieresias of the painful news the prophet bears, Oedipus insisted on hearing what he has to say. When Jocasta pleaded with him to stop his interrogation of the messenger, Oedipus replied "I will not be persuaded to let be the chance of finding out the whole thing clearly." When the herdsman balked at spelling out Oedipus? dreadful fate, Oedipus threatened him, saying "If you?ll not talk to gratify me, you will talk with pain to urge you." Oedipus let nothing stop him from his search to discover the truth about himself. Aristotle?s view is that "Both are dear to us, but it is our sacred duty to

Modern vs. Postmodern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern vs. Postmodern - Essay Example Modern architecture works to reduce the embellishments and decorations of earlier trends to a minimum, to reduce the form of the structure to a minimum, to reduce external influences on the designs, or perhaps to accomplish a combination of all of these. A better understanding of what might be meant by the term modern architecture can be found through an examination of the artistic movements that occurred in the mid-1900s that applied to architecture. Modernism was â€Å"the name given to the new forms that appeared in all of the arts – in paintings, sculpture, architecture, music and literature† (Pile 323). Malcolmson describes it as a reflection of the search for â€Å"a better place for all citizens at all social levels after the appalling carnage of the Great War† (410). Modernism in Gold’s view was â€Å"developed in the background of war, revolution and social dislocation† (21). It was the search for a utopia which combined the artistic and ae sthetic movements important to the common man while providing curved, comforting spaces for the traumatized citizens of the post-war age. According to Barr (1954), modernist architects had followed the trails of Art Noveau which depended on curvilinear and organic forms. Modernism emerged in art and architecture as the composition of forms started to articulate into asymmetry, grouped shapes, and flat colors. The common themes of modern architecture include the master plan which was a layout of structures in geometric harmony with the boundaries of different zones of land use within its surroundings. The interiors were characterized by the lifestyle of the owners and depiction of every day activity (Gold 1998). Early modernist architects looked to their past for inspiration and trends, while later ones developed original and radical ideas of form. The Bauhaus designers were driving contributors to the art of employing straight lines and the inventive use of materials in household it ems, but the four drivers of the modern architectural movement were Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright (Barr 220). The designs of these men have been held as the epitome of logic, clarity of structure, use of space as fluid planes, and surfaces as fine materials. Mies van der Rohe’s grand but mystical skyscraper designs and Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye denoted the age of the citizenry. Among these men, Le Corbusier was perhaps the most influential for later development of the modern age. He is largely considered the pioneer of modernism. He was also a pioneering urban planner whose vision encompassed the building of high rise structures in open spaces developed for individuals. His logic was based on humanitarian logic, and revolved around equality, fundamental needs regardless of cultural background and the right to comfortable and accessible dwellings. Le Corbusier based his architecture and design philosophy on collective a nd family life (Le Corbusier Le Grand 2008). He developed three layers of needs to address man’s need for dwellings. First is the pure physical need for living space. To satisfy this aspect, Le Corbusier felt the building needed to consider the need for sun, space and vegetation within living spaces as the logic for construction. The second level of need was psychosomatic

Shaw Flooring Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Shaw Flooring Company Analysis - Essay Example Main products of Shaw Flooring involve carpets, area rugs, ceramic tiles, hard wood flooring, laminate flooring, and hard wood laminate flooring. Along with this other related products such as floor coverings of hard wood and vinyl also manufactured by them. Designing and manufacturing of both commercial and residential carpet products are carried on within the company's owned facilities. The raw material used for the carpet products are mainly tufted nylon yarn. For making carpet samples separate division are formed in the organization. The carpet sampling division provides service to its customers. By formulating samples of their own it becomes more cost-effective for the firm. For the distribution of finished products direct retail marketing is adopted by the company. This direct sales strategy helps them to get successful growth with higher market share than competitors. Adoption of new technology of continuous dying ranges act as competitive advantage for the company. Most of the production processes are carried on within the company's own plants. This makes the production process more cost effective. Characteristics such as innovation, leadership, product performance, quality, service, and value achieved by the company also act as competitive advantage for them in the carpet industry. ... Recycling of used products and scraps and wastes for further production is another strategy of Shaw flooring. When doing the recycling process quality control techniques are also implemented. Shaw's carpet recycled product, EcoWorx is the only one in that category which provides a guarantee of return back of carpet tile up at the end of its life. The wastage is utilized for producing energy and this provides them low cost energy for all of their process. Together with this environmentally better removal of wastage is also attained by them. These act as competitive advantages of the firm in the industry. (Shaw Industries). 3. Quality Management: For the implementation of quality control, Six Sigma total quality management system is adopted by the company. A certified Six Sigma Manager is appointed by the company and he is responsible for specifying improvement in the production efficiency of the manufacturing process by applying his Six Sigma skills and tools. He is required to issue reports to Plant Manager regarding the improvement process within the company's facilities. A Quality Assurance Manager is also appointed and he is responsible for the overall product quality within the company's manufacturing facility. He is also charged with discharging customers' claims and develops and implements quality improvement tools within the firm. He is required to report to the Plant Manager about the proper working of the production department. The Super wiser of the company is also charged with ensuring the quality and production standards within their shift. (Career Opportunities). 4. Process Design: Tufting process is used by the company for the production of carpets. The transformation process of carpet

Malcolm a Homemade Education Essay Example for Free

Malcolm a Homemade Education Essay Down syndrome is the most common cause of mental retardationDown syndrome is the most common cause of mental retardation. It is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome. Chromosomes contain sequences of DNA called genes that represent the genetic information that exists within a cell. Twenty-three distinctive pairs of chromosomes which is 46 in total. They are located within the nucleus (a region of the cell that is bounded by a specialized membrane, and which houses the genetic material). When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, the newly created zygote normally receives 23 chromosomes from each parent. The contribution of genetic information from each parent is what makes each baby a distinctive blend of both characteristics. In Down syndrome a mistake during division of the sperm or egg cell produces a cell with an extra chromosome 21. This event occurs during cell division and is referred to as nondisjunction, or the failure of all chromosomes to separately properly resulting in retention of one of the chromosomes in one of the two new daughter cells. This is also called trisomy 21 and is accounted for 95% of all Down syndrome patients. A rare number of Down syndrome cases the original egg and sperm cells begins with the correct number of chromosomes but shortly after fertilization during the phase where cells are dividing rapidly a single cell can divide abnormally creating a line of cells with an extra chromosome 21. It’s called a cell line mosaicism. The individual with this type of down syndrome has two types of cells: some 46 chromosomes which is the normal number and some with 47. Individuals who are mosaic for trisomy 21 typically have less sever sign and symptoms of the disorder. Another are location that can cause down syndrome is called a chromosome translocation. This is an even that unlike the numerical abnormally causing trisomy 21, there is a structural abnormality. Exchange of material from two different chromosomes during the production of sex cells can take place such that there is a whole chromosome 21 attached to another chromosome but the chromosome number is normal. [1]These types of translocation involving chromosome 21, occur in about 3-4% of cases of Down syndrome. Ancient cultures, such as those in Greece, Rome, and Egypt, put disabled infants to death. Compassion toward the disabled was awakened by the early Christian church, but its charitable influence waned during the middle ages. Down syndrome also affected this people due to no one really caring about what was going on with the ill children. Down syndrome has a lot of causes and this is normally what some parents want to know is why their child is born with this syndrome. Most times this is why they tell you while you are carrying your child you need to watch very closely and look for all signs of genetic disorders with pregnant. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder as I said before. A baby is usually identified at birth through observation of a set of common physical characteristics. Babies with Down syndrome tend to be overly quiet. When I say that I mean less responsive with weak floppy muscles. With that being said a number of physical signs might be present. This includes a flat bridge of the nose which is smaller than normal. It’s a low set nose. They will tend to have a small mouth with a protruding tongue, upward slanting eyes and also extra folds of skin located at the corner of each eye, near the nose. They will have small outwardly rotated ears and small hands as well. Usually they have an unusual deep crease across the center of the palm and a malformed fifth finger. They will have a wide space between the big and the second toes and unusual creases on the soles of the feet. They also experience shorter than normal height later on in their childhood. Before genetic testing became available, Down syndrome was diagnosed based on certain typical physical characteristics. Not all people with Down syndrome have all these characteristics though. This can vary from certain people and are caused by the extra chromosomes. Individuals with Down syndrome also have joints that are looser than normal. Their skulls are short and broad. Newborns usually have extra skin on the back of their neck, and as the child gets older the neck often appears short and wider than usual. [2]Facial shape is round in the newborn and also during infancy. When the child gets older their face shape becomes oval like. This is due to the underdevelopment they go through. Their cheeks are round and the teeth develop late and in an unusual order. Although Down syndrome is not curable and there will be no cure for it, parents, researchers, and also the Down syndrome individuals try to make the best out of life and try dealing with it. Advances in medical treatment over the past 40 to 50 years for conditions such as heart defects and respiratory disease have led to dramatic increases in the life expectancy of those with Down syndrome. [3] Half of the children born with Down syndrome during the late 1960s survived to age 5. Bronchopneumonia, a respiratory illness and heart defects were the most common causes of death. Now about 80% of those born with it survive to age 10, and about 50% of them survive to age 50 or beyond. The recent statistics from various study places show that the place of incidence of Down syndrome anywhere from 1 in 600 to 1 in 1,000 live births. An analysis published by various people. Bray and colleagues in 1998 of combined data from nine different studies found that the incidence varies from 1 in 1,445 live birth mothers at age 10 to 1 in 25 live births to mothers at age 45. Down syndrome really is a hard disorder to live with but at the same time it has its advantages. Down syndrome has no treatment options but they have a lot of programs to help cope with this syndrome. The development of a child is a joyous thing. It involves amazing ohhs and ahhhs that would shock you every day your child does something new. All kids from the time their able to sit up by them and walks are learning new things everyday. Even as adults we learn new things everyday but still with Down syndrome, everything that they accomplish is outstanding. All kids learn to develop their fine motor skills but there are different aspects when it comes to Down syndrome children. The development of motor skills is very hard. The first thing you have to do is have a laid out foundation of how you plan on teaching that child. This is very dependent on stability. [4]Stability is being able to push open a heavy door. It’s being able to put on your shoes without falling. It is carrying a tray full of drinks. Its really a list that goes on but with this syndrome most things aren’t accomplished because down syndrome babies lack stability. Most of the people diagnosed wit this syndrome also tends to walk a little strange. They walk from side to side and always have their head twisted. Now as kids get older and reach their age past ten, then your not exactly ok, but you can breathe a little. Most researchers are still concerned about the older ones but its really the babies that most are worried about. They tend to go through a lot as newborns and unto there early infants stages. [5] Babies with Down syndrome suffer a lot. They have a lot they feel and go through, but being an infant and not being able to talk doesn’t help at all. Being born with Down syndrome you experience how it is from that point on and for the rest of your life. Children with this syndrome almost always have some degree of intellectual disability. That is why they learn slower and have difficulty with complex reasoning and judgment. The degree of intellectual impairment various tremendously. These kids do learn and what they do learn they will not forget. Down syndrome can not be prevented but it is People with Down syndrome, whatever their age, are people first. They are people with abilities, strengths and weaknesses like everyone else. They may have additional needs but first they have the same needs as everyone else of their age group. The quality of health care, education and community support provided to children and adults with Down syndrome makes a real difference to their progress throughout life. This module provides an introduction to all the issues that need to be addressed to enable individuals with Down syndrome, and their families, to enjoy full and happy lives within their communities. It offers an overview of the development of individuals with Down syndrome from infancy to adult life. It also provides a summary of the causes of Down syndrome, the incidence and prevalence of the condition, life expectancy and associated education and health care needs. Children with down syndrome experience problems with their digestive tract at a rate that is much higher than that of other children. [6] some of these problems such as blockage of the digestice tract can be life threatening and can require emergency surgery. Blockage or atresia of the esophagus or the duodenum can cause starvation if not corrected. Atresia occurs when the anal opening does not develop. This condition prevents solid waste from being eliminated from the intestinal tract and must be corrected surgically. Anal stenosis will allow waste products to pass, but will cause constipation. Gastroesophageal feflux is also more common in individuals with down syndrome. During this stage food reenters the esophagus from the stomach. This can cause vomiting and irritation of the esophagus. You can also have vision problem s with down syndrome to. Theses problems are common with those suffering with down syndrome. Strabismus in which one or both euyes either truns in or out. Occurs in 43% of theses chuldren. It is caused by abnormal or incomplete development of the cneters in the brain that control the coordination of eye movements. This condition may require an eye patch, special glasses or even surgery. Vision therapy may also be benificial and should be considered before surgery. Hearing problems also come with syndrome. [7] anatomical differences that result from trisomy 21 contribute to the larger percentage of hearing difficulties founf in individuals with down syndrome. Appromately 53% in children with down syndrome have hearing problems. This makes it more difficult to examine the ars for wax buildup and infection. The middle ear is smaller than normal, as well. This contributes to the presence of chronic ear infections in 40% to 60% of children with downs syndrome. The shallow nasal bridge founfd in 61% of individuals with down syndrome also contributed. Collapse or blockage of the eustachian tube, which leads from the ear to the throat, causes fluid to build up in the middle ear and increases the risk of middle ear infection. [8]In children with down syndrome the eustachian tubes are often smaller tha normal and have lowered muscle tone. Problems with fluid build up in the middle ear occur in 60% of indiviuals with down syndrome this fluid buildup interferes with hearing and can cause permanent hearing loss if it remains for a long peopif of time. Estimates of hearing loss in people with down syndrome range from 60% to 80%. Hearing loss in children can contribute to language and speech difficulies as well as auditory attention. Monitoring for fluid buildup and infections of the middle ear should begin before the age of six months and should continue into adulthood. Hearin aids may be a choice as well. Another problem that occurs in down syndrome individuals is problems with thyroid gland. Weighing less than one ounce the thyroid is actually one of the largest endocrine glands. Thyroid hormones help regualte the synthesis of growth factore and many hormones. Thyroid hormones are crucial for proper brain development during pregnancy. They are also important in normal growth. Because they are composed of the amino acid tyrosine, to which iodine molecules have been atattched adequate iodine in the diet is esstenial for their production. Another hormone produced by the thyroid gland is calcitonin which regulates the levels and metabolism of calcium. The hormones tri-iodothyonine and tetraiodothyonine are produced by the thyroid gland in a ratio of 1;14. t4 is secreted by the thyroid gland in responses to TSH. The active form, T3 is formed in the kidney, liver, and pleen by removal of one iodine molecule from T4. individuals with down syndrome also are 10 to 30 times more likely to develop Leukemia. [9] This is a type of cancer caused by the production of abnormal qhite blood cells by the bone marrow. These abnormal cells eventually crowd out normal white and red blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia. Acute and chronic. Acute leuk emias develop slowly and the patienst condition worsens slowly. Chronic leukemia develops rapidly and the patients syptoms worsen quickly. About 10% of babies born with down syndrome develop a transient leukemia that usually goes away by 3 months of age. About 20% to 30% of those with this transient condtion go on to develop acute leukemia. Babies who do not have down syndrome rarely have the transient form of leukemia. This higher risk of leukemia is in contrast to the risk of other types of cancer in individuals with down syndrome. The incidence of most types of solid tumors is muh smaller than in the general population. Down syndromes rates has also increased. From 1979 to 2003, the prevalence (total number of cases of a disease in a population at a specific time) of Down syndrome (DS) at birth increased by 31 percent, from 9 to 12 per 10,000 live births in 10 US regions. Within the 10 regions, birth prevalence of DS ranged from a low of 9. 7 in Arkansas to a high of 13. 7 in Utah during 1997-2003. The number of infants born with DS was almost 5 times higher among births to older mothers (38. 6 per 10,000) than among births to younger mothers (7. 8 per 10,000). In 2002, DS was found to be present in about 1 of every 1,000 children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 living in 10 chosen regions of the United States, which means that approximately 83,000 children and adolescents with DS were living in the United States during that year. Prevalence of DS by age group was the highest in 0-3 year olds at 11. , declining to 10. 3 among 4-7 year olds, 9. 8 among 8-11 year olds, 8. 3 among 12-15 year olds, and 6. 0 among 16-19 year olds. A screening test will help identify the possibility of Down syndrome. Screening tests do not provide conclusive answers, but rather, they provide an indication of the likelihood of the baby having Down syndrome. An abnormal test res ult does not mean that your baby has Down syndrome. The goal with a screening test is to estimate the risk of t baby having Down syndrome. If the screening test is positive and a risk for Down syndrome exists, further testing may be recommended. Diagnostic tests can identify Down syndrome before the baby is born. January issue of Obstetrics Gynecology, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists released guidelines recommending screening for Down syndrome to all pregnant women during their first trimester. Agnostic tests tend to be more expensive and have a degree of risk; screening tests are quick and easy to do. However, screening tests have a greater chance of being wrong; there are â€Å"false-positive† (test indicates the baby has the condition when the baby really does not) and â€Å"false-negatives† (baby has the condition but the test indicates they do not). As far as those individual kids with Down syndrome there is a lot that they can do, just as the regular ones. Kids with Down syndrome tend to have a sense of humor. Those with this disorder have slurred words and stutter but what you can understand they have pretty good conversation. Also in about 4 percent of all down syndrome cases the individual possesses not an entire third copy of chromosome 21 material, which has been incorporated via a translocation into a no homologous chromosome. In translocation pieces are swapped between two non-related chromosomes forming hybrid chromosomes. The most common translocation associated with Down syndrome is that between the long arm (down gene area) of chromosome 21 and an end of chromosome 14. [10] The individual in whom the translocation has occurred shows no evidence of the aberration since the normal complement of genetic material is still present only a different chromosomes location. The difficulty arises when this individual forms gametes. A mother who possesses the 21/14 translocation, for example has one normal 21 one normal 14 and the hybrid chromosomes. She is a genetic carrier for the disorder because she can pass it on to her offspring even though she is clinically normal. The mother can produce three types of viable gametes: one containing the normal 14 and 21. the presence of an extra copy of the long arm of chromosome 21 causes defects in many tissues and organs. One major effect of Down syndrome is mental retardation. The intelligence quotients of affected individuals are typically in the range of 40-50. The IQ varies with age but being higher in childhood than in adolescence or adult life. The disorder is often accompanied by physical traits. Trisomy 21 is one of the most common chromosomal aberrations occurring in about 0. 5 percent of all conceptions and in one out of every seven hundred to eight hundred live births. About 15 percent of the patients institutionalized for mental deficiency suffer from Down syndrome. Before the chromosomal basis for the disorder was determined the frequency of Down syndrome births was correlated with increased maternal age. For mothers at age twenty the incidence of down syndrome is about 0. 5 percent which increases to 0. 9 percent by the age thirty-five and 3 percent at age forty-five. Comparing the chromosomes of the affected offspring with those of both parents have shown that the nondisjunction event is maternal about 75 percent the time. The maternal age effect is thought to result from the different manner in which the male and female gametes are produced. Gamete production in the male event in females. Formation of the femaleâ €™s gametes begins early in embryonic life, somewhere but between the eight and twentieth weeks. During this time, cells in the developing ovary divide rapidly by mitosis forming cells called primary oocytes. These cells then begin meiosis by pairing up the homologues. The process is interrupted now and the cells are held in a state of suspended animation until needed in reproduction, when they are triggered to complete their division. Most individuals with Down syndrome have intellectual disability in the mild (IQ 50–70) to moderate (IQ 35–50) range, with individuals having Mosaic Down syndrome typically 10–30 points higher. Dr. Weihs notes the mental qualities of people with Down syndrome to be unisexual, playful, affectionate, mischievous and imitative. [21]Language skills show a difference between understanding speech and expressing speech, and commonly individuals with Down syndrome have a speech delay. Fine motor skills are delayed and often lag behind gross motor skills and can interfere with cognitive development. Effects of the condition on the development of gross motor skills are quite variable. Some children will begin walking at around 2 years of age, while others will not walk until age 4. Physical therapy, and/or participation in a program of adapted physical education (APE), may promote enhanced development of gross motor skills in Down syndrome children. A 2002 literature review of elective abortion rates found that 91–93% of pregnancies in the United Kingdom and Europe with a diagnosis of Down syndrome were terminated. [54] Data from the National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register in the United Kingdom indicates that from 1989 to 2006 the proportion of women choosing to terminate a pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome has remained constant at around 92%. In the United States a number of studies have examined the abortion rate of fetuses with Down syndrome. Three studies estimated the termination rates at 95%, 98%, and 87% respectively. Medical ethicist Ronald Green argues that parents have an obligation to avoid genetic harm to their offspring, and Claire Rayner, then a patron of the Downs Syndrome Association, defended testing and abortion saying The hard facts are that it is costly in terms of human effort, compassion, energy, and finite resources such as money, to care for individuals with handicaps People who are not yet parents should ask themselves if they have the right to inflict such burdens on others, however willing they are themselves to take their share of the burden in the beginning some physicians and ethicists are concerned about the ethical ramifications of the high abortion rate for this condition. [59] Conservative commentator George Will called it eugenics by abortion. 60] British peer Lord Rix stated that alas, the birth of a child with Downs syndrome is still considered by many to be an utter tragedy and that the ghost of the biologist Sir Francis Galton, who founded the eugenics movement in 1885, still stalks the corridors of many a hospital†. Doctor David Mortimer has argued in Ethics Medicine that Downs syndrome infants have long been disparaged by some doctors and government bean counters. Some members of the disability rights movement believe that public support for prenatal diagnosis and abortion based on disability contravenes the movements basic philosophy and goals. Peter Singer argued that neither hemophilia nor Downs syndrome is so crippling as to make life not worth living from the inner perspective of the person with the condition. To abort a fetus with one of these disabilities, intending to have another child who will not be disabled, is to treat fetuses as interchangeable or replaceable. If the mother has previously decided to have a certain number of children, say two, then what she is doing, in effect, is rejecting one potential child in favor of another. She could, in defence of her actions, say: the loss of life of the aborted fetus is outweighed by the gain of a better life for the normal child who will be conceived only if the disabled one dies. Individuals with Down syndrome have a higher risk for many conditions. The medical consequences of the extra genetic material in Down syndrome are highly variable and may affect the function of any organ system or bodily process. Some problems are present at birth, such as certain heart malformations. Others become apparent over time, such as pilepsy. Other things Down syndrome patients go through are very emotional. For people with Down syndrome it is very hard to cope with the everyday activities. It is also hard on the family, especially the parents. It can be very frustrating for the parents to cope with having a child with Down. People born with Down syndrome require so much more extra attention than that of a normal child. Suggestions from some psychologists are for the parents to go to some kind of group sessions to talk to other parents who have children with Down. Therefore, someone else can understand the frustrations that they go through in raising their child. People with Down syndrome have a lot of different emotions running through their mind and body. People with Down syndrome, whatever their age, are people first. They are people with abilities, strengths and weaknesses like everyone else. They may have additional needs but first they have the same needs as everyone else of their age group. The quality of health care, education and community support provided to children and adults with Down syndrome makes a real difference to their progress throughout life. This module provides an introduction to all the issues that need to be addressed to enable individuals with Down syndrome, and their families, to enjoy full and happy lives within their communities. It offers an overview of the development of individuals with Down syndrome from infancy to adult life. It also provides a summary of the causes of Down syndrome, the incidence and prevalence of the condition, life expectancy and associated education and health care needs. Further modules in this series address each of these issues in detail. Down syndrome patients also have another way to look at things. The most of the time feel different and out of place. Most would like to know who Down syndrome affects. For instance what race and what are the ratios of living past a teenager Children and adults with Down syndrome have a wide range of abilities. A person with Down syndrome may be very healthy or may have unusual and demanding medical and social problems at virtually every stage of life. It’s important to remember that every person with Down syndrome is a unique individual. Each child will develop at his or her own pace. It may take children with Down syndrome longer than other children to reach develop Down syndrome cannot be cured. However, early treatment can help many people with Down syndrome to live productive lives well into adulthood. Children with Down syndrome can often benefit from speech therapy, occupational therapy, and exercises to help improve their motor skills. They might also be helped by special education and attention at school. Some of the medical problems common in people with Down syndrome, like cataracts, hearing problems, thyroid problems, and seizure disorders, can be also treated or corrected. It has been suggested that children with Down syndrome might benefit from medical treatment that includes amino acid supplements and a drug known as Piracetam. Piracetam is a drug that some people believe may improve the ability of the brain to learn and understand. However, there have been no controlled clinical studies with Piracetam to date in the U. S. or elsewhere that show its safety and efficacy. The life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has increased substantially. In 1929, the average life span of a person with Down syndrome was nine years. Today, it is common for a person with Down syndrome to live to age 50 and beyond. In addition to living longer, people with Down syndrome are now living fuller, richer lives than ever before as family members and contributors to their community. Many people with Down syndrome form meaningful relationships and eventually marry. Now that people with Down syndrome are living longer, the needs of adults with Down syndrome are receiving greater attention. With assistance from family and caretakers, many adults with Down syndrome have developed the skills required to hold jobs and to live semi-independently mental milestones, but many of these milestones will eventually be met.